How Physics Powers EA’s Next-Gen Video Games

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Category: Department News

Published: Wednesday, February 04 2026 01:40

What does quantum research have to do with video game graphics? Well, nothing—at least not directly, according to William Donnelly (Ph.D. '12, physics). Donnelly conducted quantum entanglement and gravity research for his dissertation at the University of Maryland and is now a senior rendering researcher at Electronic Arts (EA)—the video game company behind hit franchises including The Sims, Battlefield, Star Wars: Battlefront, Need for Speed and the EA Sports titles. William Donnelly

He works in EA’s Search for Extraordinary Experiences Division (SEED), which houses roughly 60 researchers working on bringing digital characters to life, using machine learning for game AI and content creation, and developing novel real-time graphics & physics techniques. Donnelly is part of SEED’s Future Graphics team, which works on next-generation computer graphics and breakthrough physics simulation.

“Our goal is to push forward the state of the art in electronic entertainment,” he said.

His team’s recent projects include developing advanced techniques to denoise graphics and to animate cloth and fluids—and some of their tools have already been incorporated into EA’s titles and its game engine, Frostbite.

Although Donnelly noted that there are no direct applications from his theoretical physics research to his computer graphics work now, he doesn’t regret studying physics—far from it.

In his work at EA, Donnelly often uses the skills he developed in writing and presenting research. He also uses techniques from theoretical physics, such as heat kernel methods used to solve heat equations, in his work on generative artificial intelligence and computer graphics.

“You’re never sure how useful these things will be in the ‘real’ world,” he said. “But ultimately, they’re invaluable.”

On a fundamental level, Donnelly said that physics is at the core of creating video games. To create a realistic or believable virtual reality, game designers must have a deep understanding of the rules that govern the physical realm.

“To make cool gamelike simulations, you really have to understand how the world works,” he explained. “All of my experience at UMD translated extremely well to the work that I do now.”

From computer graphics to physics and back again

SEED isn’t Donnelly’s first stint working in computer science. He earned a bachelor’s degree in computer science and a master’s degree in applied mathematics from the University of Waterloo in Canada.

As an undergraduate student in the early 2000s, he interned at computer graphics companies—including NVIDIA—where he published his first scientific papers on graphics processing units. These were brand-new technologies at the time, so Donnelly invented and demonstrated new techniques to make the best use of them.

One of his early publications, titled “Variance shadow maps,” was a “big hit,” he said. The technique he proposed, which provides a solution for a problem called shadow map aliasing, rapidly spread through the gaming industry and appeared in published games.

But around this time, Donnelly began pondering deeply about the inner workings of the world. He took coursework in quantum mechanics, quantum information and general relativity, and he was captivated by problems at the forefront of quantum gravity.

He debated between pursuing a Ph.D. in computer graphics and a Ph.D. in physics and opted for the latter, enrolling at UMD, where his dissertation focused on quantum entanglement, black hole entropy and quantum gravity. After graduating, he spent nine years as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Waterloo; the University of California, Santa Barbara; and the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo.

Still, he left the door open to return to computer graphics. And although he found quantum physics “fascinating, deep, mysterious and worthwhile,” he never particularly enjoyed academia. So, he pivoted to industry and joined SEED in 2021.

‘Computer rendering is actually a physics problem’

Although there are no direct ties between Donnelly’s quantum research and his computer graphics work, his broader physics education helps in his current role.

“If you want to make a character jump, you have to know how a body moves under gravity. To simulate smoke, it’s important to understand not only the underlying physics of fluids, but also how light interacts with the material,” he explained. “There’s a lot of math and physics involved.”

In addition to mechanics, computer rendering, which involves translating a 3D geometry description to pixels on a screen, applies concepts in optics.

“Computer rendering is actually a physics problem,” he said. “You actually have to solve equations of light transport. You have to study how the light from the sun and other sources bounces around and makes it into your eye.”

One of Donnelly’s biggest achievements so far is improving how programs solve light transport equations to reduce noise in renderings. Effectively, the new technology hides noise generated during the graphics rendering process by pushing it into sensory spaces that humans can’t perceive. He and his collaborators published the technique in May 2024 in the Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, and it has already been incorporated into EA’s Frostbite game engine.

That’s what Donnelly enjoys most about his career in industry compared with academic research in theoretical physics—how rapidly new findings get applied.

“I love that things go straight into the real world. You know it works because it instantly looks more real or better,” he said. “You immediately get feedback—60 frames per second worth of it.”

Written by Jason P. Dinh

Air Force Veteran Rekindles His Passion for Science at UMD

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Category: Department News

Published: Wednesday, February 04 2026 01:40

Morgan Smith (B.S. ’25, physics) wasn’t your typical undergraduate student. Before he even began his undergraduate degree at the University of Maryland at age 29, he’d traveled the United States and dedicated six years to serving his country in the military.

After graduating high school in 2010, Smith worked various odd jobs then spent two years traveling around the country, from Colorado to Florida to northern Virginia, where he enrolled in community college and enlisted in the U.S. Air Force. He spent the next six years in the military as a cryptologic language analyst, helping the intelligence community with Arabic translation and communication. But he always had goals beyond his service.Morgan Smith

Growing up near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Smith dreamed of becoming an aerospace engineer. As a kid, he built remote-controlled airplanes with his friends and read books about everything from rocket ships to the Wright brothers. He won a prize in his high school science fair for a project analyzing airfoil shapes using a wind tunnel.

“My goal was to return to my scientific passions,” he said.

Now, after completing his physics degree and a minor in computer science at UMD, Smith works at NASA as a software engineer, tying together his interests in science and public service.

“What’s most rewarding to me is working toward a mission that is aligned with expanding humanity’s knowledge,” he said, “in bettering society and solving the puzzles necessary to do that.”

A career takes flight

You might think that an airman with a passion for planes would work in aeronautics for the Air Force, but that wasn’t the case for Smith.

“I wanted to gain a good skill while I was enlisted,” he said.

For him, that meant mastering a foreign language.

Smith earned an associate’s degree in Arabic language and foreign literature from the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center. While enlisted, he also earned an associate’s degree in intelligence studies and technology from the Community College of the Air Force and a bachelor’s degree in political science from Arizona State University.

He reached the rank of technical sergeant-select and spent his days translating documents and communications. Then, more than five years into his career, COVID-19 happened.

“Suddenly, I had a lot of time to think and evaluate where I’ve been. I remembered how much passion and joy I got in my science classes, especially physics,” he said. “Physics encompasses so much of the science about our universe. In high school, I liked it because I thought that planes were cool. But as I got older, I began to realize that, actually, the whole universe is cool.”

So, Smith reoriented his career toward science. It wasn’t easy, since he had forgotten quite a bit of math during his time in the Air Force.

“It took a lot of personal time and dedication to get those skills back. I actually used Khan Academy,” he said, laughing.

But his efforts paid off when he was admitted to UMD for the fall of 2021.

Sticking the landing at UMD

Smith didn’t find it unusual to be an undergraduate student in his 30s; instead, he says it was an asset.

“Being a little older and assured in what I was doing and having learned from past experiences, I was able to be disciplined and hopefully provide mentorship and direction to other students,” Smith said.

One of his most rewarding experiences was designing hands-on lab lessons for quantum science and technology courses under the mentorship of Alicia Kollár, a Chesapeake Assistant Professor of Physics Endowed Chair, and Alessandro Restelli, an associate research scientist at the Joint Quantum Institute. The lessons, which he designed in collaboration with the Institute for Robust Quantum Simulation, introduced students to the tools used in real-world quantum science, such as interferometers and vector network analyzers.

In 2023, Smith joined the NASA Pathways program, which is designed as a pipeline to full-time employment with the space agency. At NASA, he works on a variety of computing initiatives, including encryption, containerization and satellite telemetry. One of his current projects uses machine learning to determine whether anomalies detected by satellites are nefarious actors or otherwise warrant further investigation.

Whether he is learning coding languages or new physics concepts, Smith believes his experience mastering foreign languages helps.

“Learning all these different programming languages on the fly was definitely linked to being able to learn foreign languages,” he said. “It’s all about picking up patterns.”

Smith continues to exercise that muscle in his free time. He’s learning Japanese and even took up two Japanese forms of martial arts. He trains in karate and a traditional weapons art called Katori Shinto Ryu, which involves swords and bo staffs, practicing daily and formally training three times a week.

As he navigates his career in science, he believes his ability to learn on the fly will be a great asset. And wherever that career takes him, he wants to ensure that his work benefits society.

“As you grow older, you think a little more about the world and your place in it,” he said. “So having values and a mission aligned with what I believe in is hugely important to me.”

Written by Jason P. Dinh

UMD Physicist Shrinks Down Massive Particle Accelerators with Laser-Driven Plasma

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Category: Department News

Published: Wednesday, February 04 2026 01:40

Particle accelerators are among the largest and most complex scientific projects ever built. The Large Hadron Collider spans 16 miles deep beneath Switzerland. Stanford’s linear accelerator stretches more than two miles. These massive, billion-dollar machines can probe the fundamental nature of reality—but their size and cost put them out of reach for most.

University of Maryland physics postdoctoral researcher Jaron Shrock (Ph.D. ’23, physics) is helping to change that.Jaron Shrock holds newly-developed equipment.

In 2025, Shrock won the American Physical Society's Marshall N. Rosenbluth Outstanding Doctoral Thesis Award for demonstrating the first multi-GeV laser wakefield acceleration using optically generated plasma waveguides. In simpler terms, he figured out how to shrink a kilometers-long accelerator down to the size of a conference table.

“Getting a kilometers-long machine to fit inside a university lab, a manufacturing facility or a hospital room has enormous potential to bring advanced light and radiation sources to a variety of applications,” explained Shrock, who works with Distinguished University Professor of Physics Howard Milchberg in the Intense Laser Matter Interactions lab at UMD.

Traditional particle accelerators are already mainstays in research: scientists use them to study the universe’s origins, discover new particles, produce isotopes for medical imaging, manufacture computer chips and much more. Shrock says that overcoming the limitations that come with their massive size could open doors for other applications and users, allowing more people to access the benefits of accelerators on a more portable and more cost and energy-efficient level.

“This is a major step to really democratizing the capabilities of this kind of tech,” Shrock explained. “Our findings help make this more accessible to a whole variety of people, including researchers, hospitals and industries.”

From musical harmonics to plasma physics

Shrock’s current success is a long way from where his journey began in a high school physics classroom when a music project about harmonics suddenly made the universe click into place.

“I saw the connection between the musical training I had and physics,” Shrock recalled. “There are really fascinating, deep relationships that govern all these things around us, and I realized I wanted to learn more.”

Always a tactile person, Shrock excelled at working with his hands. After graduating from high school, he attended Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania to play baseball and study physics.

“I got to work in a plasma physics lab there, and I discovered that I wanted to be in a lab where I get to touch stuff, make things, have physical connections to the experiment,” Shrock said. “My then-advisor told me to go and meet Howard Milchberg at UMD, see what they do with intense lasers. I did and got hooked on it immediately.”

Since that initial visit to College Park in 2018, Shrock never looked back. He became fascinated by the idea of using lasers to accelerate electrons through plasma, a special state of matter found in lightning and the sun.

“Traditional particle accelerators face fundamental limits: they push particles using electromagnetic fields inside vacuum chambers, but those fields can only be so strong before destroying the machine’s walls,” Shrock explained. “The only solution was to just build longer and longer, which is why conventional accelerators span kilometers.”

Shrock’s laser-driven approach sidesteps this entirely. Ultrapowerful laser pulses—lasting just femtoseconds (a millionth of a billionth of a second)—can rip through plasma like a snowplow, separating electrons from ions. This creates a wave that accelerates trapped electrons with forces a thousand times stronger than conventional accelerators.

“We could push particles a thousand times harder with this laser method, so it meant that we only need to push them a thousand times shorter distance,” Shrock said. “All of a sudden, a kilometer-size machine becomes a meter-scale machine.”

The key innovation is a plasma waveguide—essentially a fiber optic cable made of plasma that keeps ultra-intense lasers focused over meter-long distances. Although Milchberg pioneered these waveguides at UMD in the 1990s, the laser tech wasn’t ready to test at that time. But when Shrock joined Milchberg’s lab in 2018 as a physics Ph.D. student, they finally made it happen.

After spending months in Colorado running experiments, Shrock and Milchberg’s team produced the breakthrough that would anchor Shrock’s award-winning thesis—the first single-shot muon radiography using a laser-driven source.

“Muons are subatomic particles that can penetrate dense materials, but while they’ve been used to successfully discover hidden chambers in Egyptian pyramids, those applications relied on cosmic rays and took weeks,” Shrock explained. “We rolled a rental truck loaded with detectors into the beam path and were able to see, on single shots, shadows of the material we were scanning. If the accelerator fits on a truck, then you can take it directly to the feature that you want to image, quick and easy.”

Small team, massive impact

Shrock says these breakthroughs would’ve been impossible without a uniquely supportive research environment.

“The culture here at UMD, I think, makes a big difference,” Shrock said. “Students don’t just run experiments—they design equipment, fabricate optics, engineer gas jets and intimately understand every component.”

Shrock believes that the deep technical expertise, combined with Milchberg’s mentorship style, allowed him and his groupmates to thrive. The team’s success in Colorado wasn’t a massive national laboratory or industry effort but simply a handful of dedicated graduate students—now postdocs—working closely together. Despite the limited personnel, their work completely transformed the trajectory of particle accelerator technology around the world, including research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the birthplace of particle accelerator technology.

In 2021, Shrock led a multi-institutional collaboration with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) as a graduate student. He directed a team of senior scientists—an unusual level of responsibility that reflected Milchberg’s commitment to developing the next generation of physicists.

“Howard really empowers young scientists,” Shrock noted. “Whenever our lab receives invitations to give talks, he always passes it to graduate students. He’s never stingy about opportunities, and it’s led to our work being widely recognized. I’m the fourth person from his group to receive the Rosenbluth Award, which reflects his efforts to support us.”

This year, as UMD’s upgraded 100-terawatt laser system comes online, the campus will have its very own compact particle accelerator, thanks to foundational work from Milchberg’s group. Faculty members are already designing experiments to take advantage of its unprecedented capabilities.

“There's a whole lot that will come out of reconsidering the economic calculation for what you can do with a high-energy particle beam,” Shrock said. “It saves a lot of time, money and effort if you can just walk across campus to use an accelerator rather than needing to go someplace far away.”

Looking ahead, Shrock envisions compact accelerators taking on research and production to the next level, beyond what conventional accelerators have provided in fields such as medical isotope production, advanced manufacturing and fusion research diagnostics.

“It's been both incredibly thrilling and exhausting to see this platform grow from ideas developed by our small team to the centerpiece of international research efforts,” Shrock reflected. “I believe we're only scratching the surface of what these accelerators can do.”

Written by Georgia Jiang

How Pokémon and Anime Inspired a Career in Physics

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Category: Department News

Published: Wednesday, February 04 2026 01:40

For some people, numbers just make sense. That’s always been the case for Samuel Márquez González (B.S. ’25, physics).

Márquez remembers his quantitative curiosity first sparking while he was playing Pokémon video games in elementary school. Inspired by his favorite character, Pancham, a pubescent dark- and fighting-type panda, Márquez wanted to come up with a formula that could calculate how much damage an attack would do based on each Pokémon’s level and type.

“I was never able to do it, if I’m being honest,” Márquez said, laughing.

Samuel Márquez

Nonetheless, that quantitative penchant grew to new heights at the University of Maryland. Márquez spent his undergraduate career researching materials science and quantum physics. Now, he seeks Ph.D. opportunities in quantum information, where he hopes to forge new and surprising interdisciplinary connections—as he once did playing Pokémon.

“I challenge myself to think of creative ideas where I take two different topics and try to unify them,” Márquez said. “That’s what motivates my science.”

An anime, a new country and a devastating blackout

Márquez grew up in Venezuela. His family was familiar with ambitious, quantitative endeavors: His father was a computer scientist, his mother studied law and his sister became a civil engineer.

It was Márquez’s father who first got him interested in physics through an anime called “Evangelion.”

“My dad—he introduced me to the world of anime. In ‘Evangelion’, there's a governmental institution called NERV,” Márquez said. “I wanted to study physics because I wanted to work for NERV.”

When Márquez was in high school, his family moved to Brazil, where his dad found contract work. There, navigating academics through a new language in Portuguese, he developed his physics intuition. He remembers walking through town, using kinematic laws and trigonometry to estimate how fast an airplane was moving from the size of its shadow.

Márquez’s family returned to Venezuela once his dad’s contract ended and he finished high school. But shortly after, the country suffered a devastating blackout that led to dozens of deaths. The Guri Dam—the primary electricity source for more than 70% of the country—failed. The Márquez family was without power for a week.

“It was a crazy time I had to live through,” Márquez said.

Even after power was restored, intermittent blackouts persisted. His dad, who was employed by Nokia at the time, couldn’t work consistently, so the family traveled to Florida to live with an aunt in what they thought would be a temporary arrangement.

“I remember my bag was only five pounds. My plan was to come here, buy stuff, and then bring it back with me to Venezuela,” Márquez said. “But then, we ended up staying here.”

A circuitous path to UMD

With little English knowledge, Márquez moved to Bethesda, Maryland, to be near his sister, who was enrolled in a civil engineering master’s program nearby. His family eventually to Rockville, where he lives to this day. He wanted to study physics in college, but first, he had to learn the language.

“I only knew very basic English, like the ‘to be’ verbs,” Márquez said. “Six years ago, I wouldn't have been able to have a conversation.”

So, he enrolled in a one-year program for non-native English speakers called English Language for Academic Purposes at Montgomery College , where he developed a working fluency before continuing to earn an associate’s degree in physics and computer science.

It was during community college that Márquez began his physics research. He worked for a year at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, where he researched organic semiconductors that could improve solar cells and quantum technologies. He continued doing physics research at UMD’s Quantum Materials Center at UMD after transferring to College Park in spring 2024.

At UMD, Márquez worked with Physics Adjunct Professor Nicholas Butch and graduate student Gicela Saucedo Salas to study the material properties of crystals made of nickel and varying amounts of scandium and yttrium.

Altering the chemical composition of these crystals changes the magnetic and physical properties. Because these materials are used in superconductors, MRIs, and quantum computers, this research could help technology developers select the best composition for their specific needs.

“There are so many applications,” Márquez said.

Now, Márquez is applying for Ph.D. programs in quantum information science. He’s interested in quantum decoherence—a phenomenon where quantum particles begin to lose their “quantumness” and behave more like classical systems.

Meanwhile, he is independently writing a paper on how decoherence affects quantum entanglement, a property describing how the states of quantum particles are linked, which he will soon submit for peer review.

Márquez believes his captivation with numbers will always drive his work. But he doesn’t do scientific research just to satisfy a curiosity. He pursues discoveries that can improve the world—and sees quantum physics as potentially transformational.

“Technology can't advance without advancements in science,” he said. “I want to make a change in society by discovering something big.”

Written by Jason P. Dinh